VERBOS
 

CLASSIFICAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO

Os verbos ingleses, quanto à forma, podem ser classificados, para fins didáticos, em Regulares, Irregulares e Anômalos.
São regulares os que formam o Pretérito e o Particípio Passado pelo acréscimo de -ed ou -d, como:
Call - called - called (chamar)
Move - moved - moved (mover)

 Os que não formam o Pretérito e o Particípio Passado pelo acréscimo de -ed ou -d são irregulares:
Sing - sang - sung (cantar)

São chamados anômalos os verbos que não formam a 3ª p. do sing. do Presente do Indicativo pelo acréscimo de -s ou -es, como:
may (poder),
can (poder),
must (precisar), etc.

 

Verbos Irregulares

Os verbos irregulares do inglês são todos aqueles verbos que não seguem a regra geral de formação do Passado e do Particípio Passado. A formação do Past e do Past Participle, de acordo com a regra geral, que se aplica a todos os demais verbos, se dá através do sufixo -ed. Portanto, todo verbo que não seguir este padrão, será classificado de irregular.

É interessante notar que a irregularidade dos verbos em inglês manifesta-se apenas nas formas do Past e do Past Participle, e não na conjugaçãoo dos mesmos, como em português. Os únicos verbos do inglês que têm também uma conjugação irregular são o verbo to be e os verbos auxiliares modais (can, may, might, shall, should, must, etc.).

É interessante notar também que, com relação a freqüência de ocorrência, o Past é mais importante para o aluno do que o Past Participle. Enquanto que o Past representa uma das estruturas gramaticais básicas, o Past Participle ocorre apenas no Perfect Tense, na formação da Voz Passiva  e na forma adjetivada do verbo. Exemplos:

Have you heard the news? - Perfect Tense

Toyotas are made in Japan. - Passive Voice

English is a widely spoken language. - Adjective

Classificamos as formas irregulares dos verbos como uma questão de vocabulário, uma vez que as mesmas não interferem na estruturação das frases; e do ponto de vista do aprendizado, o aluno deve assimilar essas formas da mesma maneira que assimila vocabulário.

 Base            Past           Past                          Portuguese

 Form          Tense         Participle                 Translation

 

 

 arise        arose         arisen             surgir, erguer-se

 awake        awoke         awoken             despertar

 be           was, were     been               ser, estar

 bear         bore          borne              suportar, ser portador de

 beat         beat          beaten             bater

 become       became        become             tornar-se

 befall       befell        befallen           acontecer

 beget        begot         begotten, begot    procriar, gerar

 begin        began         begun              começar

 behold       beheld        beheld             contemplar

 bend         bent          bent               curvar

 bet          bet           bet                apostar

 bid          bid           bid                oferecer, fazer uma oferta

 bind         bound         bound              unir, encadernar, obrigar-se

 bite         bit           bitten             morder

 bleed        bled          bled               sangrar, ter hemorragia

 blow         blew          blown              assoprar, explodir

 break        broke         broken             quebrar

 breed        bred          bred               procriar, reproduzir

 bring        brought       brought            trazer

 broadcast    broadcast     broadcast          irradiar, transmitir

 build        built         built              construir

 buy          bought        bought             comprar

 cast         cast          cast               atirar, deitar

 catch        caught        caught             pegar, capturar

 choose       chose         chosen             escolher

 cling        clung         clung              aderir, segurar-se

 come         came          come               vir

 cost         cost          cost               custar

 creep        crept         crept              rastejar

 cut          cut           cut                cortar

 deal         dealt         dealt              negociar, tratar

 dig          dug           dug                cavocar

 do           did           done               fazer **

 draw         drew          drawn              tracionar, desenhar **

 drink        drank         drunk              beber

 drive        drove         driven             dirigir, ir de carro

 eat          ate           eaten              comer

 fall         fell          fallen             cair

 feed         fed           fed                alimentar

 feel         felt          felt               sentir, sentir-se

 fight        fought        fought             lutar

 find         found         found              achar, encontrar

 flee         fled          fled               fugir, escapar

 fling        flung         flung              arremessar

 fly          flew          flown              voar, pilotar

 forbid       forbade       forbidden          proibir

 forget       forgot        forgot, forgotten  esquecer

 forgive      forgave       forgiven           perdoar

 freeze       froze         frozen             congelar, paralizar

 get          got           gotten, got        obter **

 give         gave          given              dar

 go           went          gone               ir

 grind        ground        ground             moer

 grow         grew          grown              crescer, cultivar

 have         had           had                ter, beber, comer

 hear         heard         heard              ouvir

 hide         hid           hidden, hid        esconder

 hit          hit           hit                bater

 hold         held          held               segurar

 hurt         hurt          hurt               machucar

 keep         kept          kept               guardar, manter

 know         knew          known              saber, conhecer

 lay          laid          laid               colocar em posição horizontal, assentar

 lead         led           led                liderar

 leave        left          left               deixar, partir

 lend         lent          lent               dar emprestado

 let          let           let                deixar, alugar

 lie          lay           lain               deitar

 lose         lost          lost               perder, extraviar

 make         made          made               fazer, fabricar **

 mean         meant         meant              significar, querer dizer

 meet         met           met                encontrar, conhecer

 overcome     overcame      overcome           superar

 overtake     overtook      overtaken          alcançar, surpreender

 pay          paid          paid               pagar

 put          put           put                colocar

 quit         quit          quit               abandonar

 read         read          read               ler

 ride         rode          ridden             andar

 ring         rang          rung               tocar (campainha, etc.)

 rise         rose          risen              subir, erguer-se

 run          ran           run                correr, concorrer, dirigir

 saw          sawed         sawn               serrar

 say          said          said               dizer

 see          saw           seen               ver

 seek         sought        sought             procurar obter, objetivar

 sell         sold          sold               vender

 send         sent          sent               mandar

 set          set           set                pôr em determinada condição, marcar, ajustar **

 shake        shook         shaken             sacudir, tremer

 shed         shed          shed               soltar, deixar cair **

 shine        shone         shone              brilhar, reluzir

 shoot        shot          shot               atirar, alvejar

 show         showed        shown              mostrar, exibir

 shrink       shrank        shrunk             encolher, contrair

 shut         shut          shut               fechar, cerrar

 sing         sang          sung               cantar

 sink         sank          sunk               afundar, submergir

 sit          sat           sat                sentar

 slay         slew          slain              matar, assassinar

 sleep        slept         slept              dormir

 slide        slid          slid               deslizar, escorregar

 sling        slung         slung              atirar, arremessar

 speak        spoke         spoken             falar

 spend        spent         spent              gastar

 spin         spun          spun               fiar, rodopiar

 spit         spit, spat    spit, spat         cuspir

 spread       spread        spread             espalhar

 spring       sprang        sprung             fazer saltar

 stand        stood         stood              parar de pé, agüentar

 steal        stole         stolen             roubar

 stick        stuck         stuck              cravar, fincar, enfiar

 sting        stung         stung              picar (inseto)

 stink        stank         stunk              cheirar mal

 strike       struck        struck             golpear, desferir, atacar

 string       strung        strung             encordoar, amarrar

 strive       strove        striven            esforçar-se, lutar

 swear        swore         sworn              jurar, prometer, assegurar

 sweep        swept         swept              varrer

 swim         swam          swum               nadar

 swing        swung         swung              balançar, alternar

 take         took          taken              tomar **

 teach        taught        taught             ensinar, dar aula

 tear         tore          torn               rasgar, despedaçar

 tell         told          told               contar

 think        thought       thought            pensar

 throw        threw         thrown             atirar, arremessar

 tread        trod          trodden            pisar, trilhar

 undergo      underwent     undergone          submeter-se a, suportar

 understand   understood    understood         entender

 uphold       upheld        upheld             sustentar, apoiar, defender

 wear         wore          worn               vestir, usar, gastar

 win          won           won                vencer, ganhar

 wind         wound         wound              enrolar, rodar, dar corda

 write        wrote         written            escrever, redigir

 

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**  verbos de significado múltiplo, que podem mudar consideravelmente de significado, conforme a frase em que ocorrerem. Em maior ou menor grau, a maioria dos significados em português fornecidos acima servem apenas como indicativo aproximado e provável. O significado exato vai sempre depender do contexto em que ocorrerem os verbos.

 

Conjugação do verbo TO HAVE
(ter)

 

INDICATIVE MOOD
 

Present	Present Perfect
I have, tenho	I have had, tive ou tenho tido
You have	you have had
he has	he has had
we, you, they have	we, you, they have had
Past	Past Perfect
I had, tive ou tinha	I had had, tinha tido
you had, etc	you had had
Future	Future Perfect
I shall have, terei	I shall have had, terei tido
he will have	he will have had
we shall have	we shall have had
you will have	you will have had
they will have	they will have had
Future in the Past	Fut. Perf. in the Past
I should have, teria	I should have had, teria tido
you would have	you would have had
he would have	he would have had
we should have	you should have had
you would have	you would have had
they would have	they would have had

 

IMPERATIVE MOOD

 

Sing. - Have (you), tem

Plural - Have (you), tende

 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

 

Present	Present Perfect
I have, tenha	I have had, tenha tido
you have	you have had
he have	he have had, etc.
Past	Past Perfect
I had, tivesse	I had had, tivesse tido
you had, etc.	you had had, etc.
Future	Future Perfect
I should have, tiver	I should have had, tiver tido
you should have, etc.	you should have had, etc.

 

INFINITIVE

 

Present	Perfect
To have, ter	To have had, ter tido

 

PARTICIPLE

 

Present	Perfect	Past
Having, tendo	Having had, tendo tido	Had, ttido

 

GERUND

 

Present	Perfect
Having, ter	Having had, ter tido

a - Forma Interrogativa

 

INDICATIVE

 

Present	Have I? Tenho eu?
Present Perf.	Have I had? Tive eu, tenho eu tido?
Past	Had I? Tive eu, tinha eu?
Past Perf.	Had I had? Tinha eu tido?
Future	Shall I have had? Terei eu tido? Shall (will) you have? Will he have? Shall we have? Shall (will) you have? Will they have?
Future Perf.	Shall I have had? Terei eu tido? Shall (will) you have had? Will he have had? Shall we have had? Shall (will) you have had? Will they have had?
Fut. in the Past	Should I have? Teria eu? Should (would) you have? Would he have? Should we have? Should (would) you have? Would they have?
Fut. Perf. in the Past	Should I have had? Teria eu tido? Should (would) you have had? Would he have had? Should we have had? Should (would) you have had? Would they have had?

b - Forma Negativa

 

INDICATIVE

 

Present	I have not. Não tenho.
Present Perf.	I have not had. Não tive ou não tenho tido.
Past	I had not. Não tive ou não tinha.
Past Perf.	I had not had. Não tinha tido.
Future	I shall not have. Não terei. You will not have. He will not have. We shall not have. You will not have. They will not have.
Future Perfect	I shall not have had., etc., não terei tido, etc.
Fut. in the Past	I should not have. Não teria.? You would not have. He would not have. We should not have. You would not have. They would not have.
Fut. Perf. in the Past	I should not have had?, etc., Não teria tido, etc.

 

IMPERATIVE

Do not have (sing. e plural), não tenhas, não tenhais.

 

SUBJUNCTIVE

 

Present	I have not. Não tenha.
Present Perf.	I have not had. Não tenha tido.
Past	I had not. Não tivesse.
Past Perf.	I had not had. Não tivesse tido.
Future	I should not have had, etc., eu não tiver, etc.
Fut. Perfect	I should not have had, etc., não tiver tido, etc.

 

INFINITIVE

 

Present Not to have, não ter

Perfect Not to have had, não ter tido

 

PARTICIPLE

 

Present Not having, não tendo